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Home / Genetics / How many genes do you share with your relatives?

How many genes do you share with your relatives?

September 15, 2020 By Maris Munkevics Leave a Comment Filed Under: Did You Know?, Genetics

It’s easy to calculate how many genes you share with your parents, children, siblings, and other relatives. Given the fact that parents pass half of their genes to their children, and siblings share half of their genes, the rest is just math. To determine this, you just have to divide genetic relatedness each time you go up or down a step in a family tree, or sideways.

For example, you can find a cousin by going one step up to your parent, one step sideways to your parent’s sibling, and then one step down to your cousin. These three steps mean you have to divide 100% relatedness in half three times: 100/2=50%, 50/2=25%, and then 25/2=12.5%.

It’s not easy to do these calculations in my head each time I need them; thus, I have created a diagram of family tree relatedness for my reference and posted it below. If you find it useful, too, you’re welcome to it.

A diagram of how many genes I share with my relatives.
A diagram of how many genes I share with my relatives. Note: this is not my actual family tree, just parts of it, for demonstration purposes.

Here is a longer list of genetic relatedness among relatives. Remember, this can be applied not only to humans, but also to any diploid, sexually reproducing organism, including all mammals.

  • Parents: 50% or 1/2
    • Grandparents: 25% or 1/4
    • Great-grandparents: 12.5% or 1/8
  • Children: 50% or 1/2
    • Grandchildren: 25% or 1/4
    • Great-grandchildren: 12.5% or 1/8
      • For later generations, each is reduced by half again…. 6.25% or 1/16, 3.125% or 1/32, etc…
  • Siblings: ~50% or 1/2
    • Half-siblings: ~25% or 1/4
    • Identical twins: 100% or 1/1
    • Fraternal twins: ~50% or 1/2
      • Genetically, fraternal twins are like any other siblings, they just the same age.
  • Aunts and uncles: ~25% or 1/4
  • Nieces and nephews (niblings): ~25% or 1/4
  • Cousins: ~12.5% or 1/8
    • Second cousins: 3.125% or 1/32
    • Third cousins: 0.78125% or 1/128

If you are confused about cousins, your cousin is the child of your parent’s sibling. Your second cousin is a grandchild of your grandparent’s sibling. Meanwhile, your third cousin is a great-grandchild of your great-grandparent’s sibling.

Why do siblings share ~50% of their genes?

You may have noticed that, in sibling and cousin relationships, genetic relatedness is noted with ~ signs, which means that the relatedness is approximately 50%. Why is this so?

Genes are instructions to make and run a body, and most of our cells contain two versions of each gene. The exceptions are ova and sperm cells. They have only one, randomly assembled set of genes.

When an ovum and sperm combine, they form a cell with two sets of genes, just like any other type of cell. This new cell will later become a new living being with two sets of genes. One set is from the mother, and the other is from the father. That is why my children have EXACTLY 50% of my gene versions.

However, the reason why siblings share half of their gene versions is different. Each sperm or each ovum is assembled randomly, taking one version (of the two available) of each of the parent’s genes.

According to probability theory, any random sex cell (ovum or sperm) of the same person will share approximately half of the gene versions. Theoretically, it is possible to assemble two identical sperm, yet, practically, this is not likely. In fact, the chance of me winning the lottery, without ever buying a ticket, is magnitudes greater. Most sperm, are actually very, very close to 50% and, mathematically, the probability of being 49% similar or less is slim.

This means that with, significant credibility, we can say that all siblings have a 50% similar genome.

Related Posts:

  • How do genes determine your traits?
  • How does DNA replication work?
  • What is fitness in evolutionary biology
  • Chromosome fusion: Why humans have fewer chromosomes than…

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About the author:

Hi, this is Maris here! I am a biologist, albeit a weird one. After school, I studied and graduated in engineering, and chose to pursue a career in biology about a decade later. So I went to university full-time at about the same time my kids went to school. Not because I had to, but because I wanted to. Monkeygene is a website where I share my passion for nature, human place in it, evolution, genetics, and other fields of biology. Connect with me on my Facebook page and Instagram.

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